Andy Xie buy a house is nonsense anti-inflation prices will fall 15%

 Economist Andy Xie (data map)

in Guangzhou on Saturday at the Andy Xie, a keynote address at home that is now the global economy into stagflation, due to structural problems have not been resolved in the short term is difficult to have a real recovery; the case of China, will continue to receive money, the real estate industry to the inflection point, if house prices fall , the release will drive the stock market liquidity rose.

Xie pointed out that the large mature markets are now facing financial difficulties, while the debt is too high, the other hand, the underemployment, so interest rates will remain low. Now Europe's fiscal deficit has caused public unrest, the United States must control the budget deficit. However, the economic consequence of reducing the fiscal deficit will not be very good, the other is not raising interest rates.

Although inflation is now passing from the developing to developed countries, developed countries do not dare raise interest rates, even if the rate hike, only to meet style and eventually the West will accept the situation of high inflation. Andy Xie believes that in this background, energy, precious metals, commodities will have the opportunity, especially agricultural products, time to put all assets are sold.

As developing countries, Andy Xie believes that inflationary pressures are facing greater, but high inflation has led to social unrest, as Egypt is an example of intensification of the contradictions. China's overheating economy in 2007 the situation had control in 2008 is the best time, now more painful adjustment, but it must be adjusted to recover the super-issued currency, return to normal.

Andy Xie, analysts pointed out that a large number of low-cost housing market, so real estate prices will fall,

his view, the real estate downturn of the time will be longer, estimated to be about three years, transaction to enlarge, and then continue down. And if house prices down 15%, turnover will be active in the housing market, capital will flow up, the stock market will have a chance. From a fundamental perspective, in the real estate cycle has passed, the cycle will be triggered by a wave of spending big money opportunities.

Fraudulent ATM cards friends singer Penny Tai Yi Jie Qi choked apology

 Fish Leong, also from Malaysia, and Penny, easy Jet Qi feelings are good, she regretted to say: will have some blind spots, under pressure, made a mistake, he was able to stand up and admit its mistakes, is the most important step, I hope you give him some space and attention. could not believe when the message: help. Victor Recently at a concert choir is also easy Jie Qi, see the apology video distressed, said:

BEIJING, Feb. 24 Xinhua singer Penny Tai ATM card 30 million units by type of crime currency, the Taiwan police quickly solve the case, 22 case has an impressive development, the original name Shen surrendered friends came forward, fellow singer and friend, was actually easy to Jet Qi. Yi Jie Qi After several days of suffering, the same day at 2 pm in the form of a web site in video choking an apology to the Penny and fans.

According to Singapore's principles, will do everything to be responsible; to love music work wrong, unwise deviation will also learn a lesson learned.

22 Day is also his fourth solo album, . hope you do not give me, give me life a second chance. He took the day's clothing crimes by the police compared. Hat he was wearing a mask the day the body tightly wrapped, Shen Papi recognized, he quickly left the police station Information finished.

Yi Jie Qi stardom flow, Penny saw him as a brother, many quite similar loyalty, hsiang shooting album covers and MV. Found to be not in the report and take friends, the Penny is very sad, crying several times. However, in order to protect the reputation of friends, she chose to forgive, but also chose not to respond to the outside world, the result is challenged Penny Press in stir.

Yi Jie Qi (right) and Penny (microblogging) close relationship


Jonathan Lee Yi Jie Qi is one of the disciples, his debut 12 years ago, when the stage name He has no fixed residence, and my father has passed away, mother, brother lived in New York, the family is not known that he violated the law. His agent said Qi, said Yi Jet income instability, NT 8000 a month or so, so heavy economic pressure.

Franck Ribery Bayern victory Robben help create scoring opportunities for flying low shot Xia

 Champions League Bayern
Gold Cup last year, largely sidelined and Franck Ribery, Robben on one clap with one hand. The expedition of Milan city,

the process of competition to the German media really expected, Bayern's victory in the balance of terror wings backward so that the German side. Bayern three times the audience are most threatening and attacking two men on. The first 24 minutes, the right pass Robben, Franck Ribery hit the crossbar with a header along the out. 53 minutes, Franck Ribery left rib cage break cross, Muller turn around and do to Arjen Robben, Robben out two defenders into the restricted area on the right small-angle volley hit the near post again. Robben foot shot that was used is not good at his foot, and his best in the restricted area on the right front with a left foot shot after cutting inside, it even has that piece of area known as the

Bayern in the final moments of the lore is Robben scored in the Match the first 89 minutes, large-scale transfer of Franck Ribery left to find exactly the right-wing Arjen Robben, in their own sites, stopping the cut Robben 26 meters away from the door at the left foot caused by Inter goalkeeper Julio Cesar strong low drive fighting disposal, Bayern striker Gomez 4 meters in front of the complement Shekong Men hit.

Mei Tai Yu ao and Tokyo trials

 For Mei Ru-ao, if not for that chance to participate in a large field trial of the famous Tokyo, most likely trajectory of his life is with other those from the National Government to accept the same old job who was not grinding wheel of history in China the depths of human memory; chance today if not for the regime to transfer to the Japan card to consolidate China's political status of social contradictions, it is difficult to do Mei Feng Yu Ao women are remodeling became a national hero, and even the big screen Today the Chinese people into the line of sight (look at the anti-Japanese armed forces meritorious generals fortune in mainland China, we can understand this).
First of all, Mei Ru-ao is a professional legal scholars, is also a traditional patriotic intellectuals. This is determined that his body could not reconcile the interpretation of many tragic paradox: on the one hand, with his aptitude and the experience of studying in the U.S., the National Government which he was fluent in English and American legal systems, the technology and program of the best legal experts; the other hand, his body of traditional Chinese thinking patriotic intellectuals limitations make him unable to understand and master the most Anglo-American legal system, the origin of the concept and the rule of law, he can only Anglo-American legal system to buy a casket-like putting the cart before Pearl also interpret. when judicial independence, procedural justice, challenge the principle of neutrality of judges read the legal knowledge and his generous patriotic feelings of the conflict, he gave up professional integrity, a good long Anglo-American legal system Ye.
Second, Mei Ru-ao lifelong desire to ), but it is this extreme patriotism, to his aggravating questions more than the negative effect of large trials to the justice of Tokyo, fairness thoroughly discredited, the pain of today's Japanese sense of shame left Tokyo Trial can not make up for big regret and drifted.
Third, and Most of the intellectuals of that era, like Mei Ru ao intention is to stay away from the political whirlpool, and concentrate on studying his beloved legal knowledge, and thus serve the nation. However, that time itself is impossible to determine outside of a life skills the ivory tower and a peaceful place for his desk. internal and external problems facing the country, finally broke his focus on law's dream. In his disappointment at the corrupt and incompetent Nationalist government choose go over the new regime, the reality makes him get down . endless political turmoil, not only the knowledge of his drip-free use, in the He Qinhua words, this time the legal profession, Mei Yu ao crotch fleas, not only useless, but annoying (2). to this day, as the international political and diplomatic needs, Mei Ru-ao, and that a large field trial of Tokyo the struggle against Japan was again the ace as a tool to push the front, so his sorrows and joys of life to mark the beginning of an ending no full stop.
Mei Ru-ao in order to restore as well as his participation in that field over to the real Tokyo Trial historical appearance, the following I will own the information collected some of the facts come out section summarization and description of each to comment.
. Why Mei Ru-ao large as the Tokyo trial judge
in China as the Tokyo Trial Chinese judges before, Mei Yu-ao has been engaged in university teaching of English and American legal profession, not as a judge in a court trial for the specific experience and qualifications. Moreover, when only 42 years old Mei Ru-ao, a number of law in the National Government talent among the capacity of qualifications, not necessarily outstanding. this point, the son of Mei small ao, once said: , recommended to the national government on behalf of my father, a Renyuan Dong China International Military Tribunal of Justice reputation and not looking the best candidate, Far East International Military Tribunal) at the beginning, had the honor to inform the secret surrender of the nine countries involved in the Japanese government to participate in their selection of a trial judge (India and the Philippines was not yet an independent country, so India and the Philippines into an additional judges is the last The number of judges will become eleven). Moreover, the court proceedings will be based on common law purposes.
left behind, according to Mei Ru-ao the Tribunal Charter, the court the Department of all procedures to be used two languages, namely English, and the defendant can understand the language of Japanese. hh judges meeting, we are all speaking in English, the English judge does not know by his own portable translation. In fact, because the Department of English and American judges in the Far East accounted for the majority of the members of the International Tribunal, it did not produce great difficulties. Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia, not wait for the new solid theory, namely India and the Philippines, due to the long the Anglo-American colonies under the rule of higher education are conducted in English, so the judge not only the two countries speak English, and they received, or the Anglo-American School of legal education. As in France, the Netherlands three countries, they are not in English countries do not belong on the Anglo-American legal system is the so-called mainlanders to send it (which is to compete with the Anglo-American school principal legal systems of the world to another), but the judges of the three countries but can speak English, while the common law procedure have considerable understanding. This is because prior to the formal establishment of the court far, arranged the Japanese occupation and control of the U.S. government Bianxiang the surrender of the Confederate government the sake of greeting. In October 18, 1945 On this day, the U.S. State Department gave The surrender of a country's embassy to send a secret very long note. note elaborates on the handling of Japanese war criminals in the United States Government to listen to the various policies and measures. For Class A war criminals, Supreme Allied Commander note that Tokyo will organize the Far East County International Tribunal to be tried, and invites the Government is prepared to put forward candidates for judges of the Supreme Commander to be appointed. and expressly note: The candidates put forward their best but the allies who can recommend English-speaking legal experts. No doubt this note Several non-English speaking countries in that judges consider the impact occurred. was sent by the Chinese government is one of America for many years, who received a doctorate of law professors in China who have many years of common law (ie, Ao Mei Yu. I note). (4) As a result, studies the United States, and has long engaged in teaching and research work of common law Mei Ru-ao became a prime candidate for this task.
but also proved that despite years of Mei Ru-ao is not high, the school implementation of civil law in China will have a hard Dayong, but he's our common law, when the person he really is incomparable.
read Ao Mei Yu left the He put aside those who are overripe fine Syria in the chest, until today, still full enlightenment as a common law standard curriculum to hot pursuit. So Mei Ru-ao as a legal technology talents, participate in its common law as a central theme of the Tokyo trials, it is no one was out of his right.
here, I need some eyes that point is: Tokyo Trial is a large common law as the legal basis for the trial, otherwise, to participate in this historic gathering of law to Mei Yu ao not have copies. This is, for people today purely from the perspective of legal norms to examine a large trial of a non-merits and demerits of Tokyo, also has considerable practical significance.
II. Why Tokyo Big Trial is a political farce
the end of World War II, Japanese Emperor Zhao Gao to unconditionally accept the level, how the Allies to punish Japanese war criminals do?
nothing less than the two possible ways:
First, as the hero Yang Zirong the same, with 老鹰抓小鸡 way to level from the neck collar Luan quasi-back of the head of principle to delay the trial was
Second, respect the spirit of modern law, in full accordance with due process, Chao said to occupy the moral victors justice and fairness, leaving shining example for future generations.
point to note here is: As Japan is the Choose the unconditional surrender, then, regardless of which of the Allies was a way to choose the punishment of war criminals, the Japanese have only fancy the cut were cut, nearly none of resistance of the room.
Clearly, the Allies to prefer legal means to punish Japanese war criminals . because they are very confident that they represent the conscience of humanity and justice. Therefore, the Allies hoped that in the specific practice of the pursuit of procedural justice trial, the trial are concerned with the degree of difficulty of the biggest, but best to ensure the fairness of the trial common law.
However, the Allies like this trial proceedings, for the Allies to punish Japanese war crimes suspects to the purpose, there are two serious birth Department of the evidence, the rigorous certification process required tedious, almost all suspected Japanese war criminals may escape prosecution and conviction of insufficient evidence.
the other hand, during World War II, of course, Japan committed numerous war crimes, but many Allies are not members of the same fuel-efficient lights, the same for the Japanese civilians killing a tragic crime. For example, China's legal provisions adopted in the face of the fact that the same suspect, if the judge only allowed the Allies to Japan, which allowed the Allies of Japan counterclaim, then, this court's neutrality and impartiality on the left. Allies hope for suspected Japanese war criminals punished through the legal process Chao said that people flaunt their possession of moral justice and fair mind, not only can not be achieved, this time hand, Rehuoshangshen, leaving to future generations, sense of shame and pain to handle a pretext to overthrow the Tokyo Trial.
fact, in the Tokyo trial, the Allies encountered such a request to investigate killing of Japanese civilians in the Allied war crimes challenge.
May 14 the trial of court, the defense of the accused to apply to cancel the third nineteen of the indictment charges the offense. the offense is the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the United States Fleet, Admiral quarter of killing large numbers of German and American naval officer and sailors of the crime. American Bar Buliekelai (Blekeney) Champion, said: l If the Admiral was killed at Pearl Harbor quarter of Germany is murder, then we have to know that the atomic bomb dropped in Nagasaki man hands name, we have to know to develop the operational plans of the chief of staff, we have to know that the commander is responsible for all this. r the last one, Buliekelai doubtless alluding to President Truman, because, according to the U.S. Constitution, the President is responsible for directing the national supreme commander of the army, in fact, vote in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb but also by his decision. (5) , to participate in the Tokyo Trial judges are unable to reply. with the disposal of other similar problems, they are in front of the dignity of law and national interests, chose to give up the expense of the rule of law and ethics, the application of the braided retaining counsel.
Mei Ru-ao is explained his views and attitudes on this issue:
compare crime war criminals, it is amazing what people can not. American lawyer of extreme defiance, and this is evident. It is true that dropping the atomic bomb is not Youshu. But the Far East is the trial of crimes committed by Japanese war criminals, American lawyers in the trial where the conduct of war have chosen to pull the United States itself in, it is very inappropriate, but irrelevant wire. This shameful strange, I am afraid only the ill-intentioned people doing it. (6 ) their country and leaders,
a trial, hey, one can of justice, fair opportunity, that is like this is the reference flow Mei Ru-ao wrecked the trial judge as the king has become a political farce defeated Kou.
, of course, such a major responsibility to do the push to have him participate in the trial judge, is unfair. After all, the trial took place in the forties of the last century, the United States also believes that even dropping the atomic bomb is indiscriminate killing of civilians in Japan necessary means necessary to end the war. this time from the United States in Afghanistan and Iraq to establish strict use of precision-guided weapons, military and civilian targets in the screening concept of war to ensure Saddam Hussein and the terrorists are fair and lawful trial, there is still a long way to go. can be said like this, it is the blood of Japanese civilians all the mistakes and Tokyo trials, only in exchange for the pursuit of democracy and freedom of people from a new perspective on and interpretation of the meaning of justice and fairness, and ultimately makes of light universal humanity shines, including broken free from the shackles of a new generation of Japanese militarism.
III. Tokyo Big Trial Participation prosecute the trial judge and the prosecution's , Tokyo Big trial judge of these parameters, Behind them, not only has the law on justice and human dignity demands, but also representatives of their national interests and national righteousness. This is the Chinese judge Mei Yu Ao is even worse. dignity and national interests in the legal dilemma of choice in addition to Judge Pal of India, other people have tacitly chosen their own national interests. Apart from a purely legal sense, this law is about the behavior of political nation-state is also the prevailing practice, not a big mistake.
Mei Ru-ao for the purposes of his life to, steeped with common-law loved the one hand, it talked about the fairness of procedures, the rules strict; the other hand, when he will be empathetic, to rely on it to protect their own the occasion of the interests of home and country, Mei Yu-ao and pain this a contradiction.
Mei Ru-ao this confusion is also human nature to say. any person, the face of such self-interest (in the eyes of Mei Ru-ao, the nation's own interests are the interests, of course) and Justice fair, professional conduct on the occasion of conflict, the human instinct to avoid hurting the dumping profit doing my part will make people choose to pervert the law of self-interest. Even today, the Bush administration needs to fight against terrorism, not the same hope to set up a more than ordinary United States District Court conducive to the special military tribunal tried and convicted, to try suspected terrorists captured it? only the Supreme Court overturned the Bush administration's move, which makes the Bush administration may infringe the human rights of suspected terrorists
Unfortunately, when the Japanese war crimes suspects were not so lucky. Tokyo, although a large field trial in common law carried out under the broad framework. However, the formulation of its Charter, the court began to copy the common law is not fully The full structure. and then after the trial judge who participate in various , there is a set of common law to the legal principles and provisions of the rule of law to death:
speedy trial to the Tokyo Tribunal Charter, adoption of evidence, the court is not generally bound by technical rules of collecting evidence; the court will do everything possible to take simple, convenient and not rigidly adhere to the technical procedures and may use the court held that there is any evidence of probative value br> The so-called technical mining permit does not rigidly adhere to the general rule, in fact, that is evidence of the adoption system in the Tokyo Tribunal seriously at the expense of common law constitutes the most important part of mm coherent this provides a large number of admissible Tokyo court for various reasons, many can not (or unwilling) to appear in court witnesses evidence of a considerable proportion of the trial (8). and in the common law system, the the force of law. Therefore, only in extreme special reason (such as sick to death of the witnesses can not appear in court, and collecting the evidence to defense lawyers of both sides together under the supervision of recognition), this evidence in court, the force of law. The Tokyo Tribunal, this ; the court spirit of the Charter. it is no wonder that this provision would be regarded as ecstatically Mei Ru-ao imperial sword and become the judge who participate in all kinds of early and non-Anglo-American common law legal systems around the court between the judge should adopt the letter sword: each to accept the conditions to be acceptable I left from the Mei Ru-ao the application, and each other judges have threatened to make the same request. President Webb for challenge on the grounds that: Before he was sent to Tokyo, he served as an Australian government-appointed investigation l Japanese atrocities r, chairman of the Committee, he will conduct breast Japanese stereotype and therefore can not open-minded to engage in a fair trial. Hala Ni it requires that the judge in the Philippines to avoid the reason is: he worked during the war by the Japanese prisoners, and forced participated in the Bataan death for l r (l Bataan death march that is r, the author note), the Japanese hold deep hatred, therefore, do not make a fair and impartial verdict. In both vexatious application is made after the court has categorically to refute them with severe, so the defendant's demand to avoid the application of other judges will have no chance to ask. (10) Day belligerent, who are charged with safeguarding the interests of their country level, the situation as I have killed, his son became a judge in general, already compromised the neutrality of judges; erupted in even more incredible, the Philippines, was a judge of direct victims of Japanese atrocities Now go into battle in person to repay debt of blood. This direct victims were riding on a trial court to act as judge perpetrators of sacred things, ancient and modern, I am afraid it is unique.
something ridiculous to the point, Mei Ru-ao not thought through. He then writes:
For such a dispute can not even expected to get the provisions of this charter can not say it is not a loophole. (11) in, is a minimum of common sense concepts. defense counsel reasonably required to avoid this way are prohibited, if the court get a dog or a Martian to a judge participate in the trial, the Japanese war crimes suspects it not also be submissive and told no one to turn v. a?
argument the trial judge is like this wanton violation of the defendant's legal rights, and the prosecution prosecutor arbitrary and fabricated facts of behavior, can be regarded as simply the Tokyo Tribunal Charter and spirit to the imaginary extreme, can only feel the prosecution plaintiff not only absurd and shameless, but rather to the sheer ineptitude, the point is extremely stupid.
the beginning of the hearing, the prosecution charged in Japan counts of war crimes suspect 55 (the last was reduced slightly to 10). which one is like this:
war of aggression. (12) this point. The reason is:
inconsistent. Thailand in the aftermath of the Pacific War, and immediately conclude with Japan a treaty of alliance r. l About Department of the December 21, 1941 set in Bangkok, the same date. Article II of the Treaty: l case of Japan or Thailand, with one or several armed conflict in third countries, Thailand or Japan should immediately stand on the other side and use it as their allies, all in all political, economic and military means to provide assistance. r Article IV: l Japan and Thailand in the joint operations situation of mutual assured, fully mutual agreement unless, not to conclude an armistice or peace treaty. r before the Japanese surrender, Japan and Thailand is always the alliance, until 11 September 1945, Japan formally surrendered after the note was in Japan to Thailand l status of the Treaty is incompatible with world peace as a reason for r, notice repealed. (See It seems even to be carried away by patriotism Ao Mei Yu also the world should also know the logic, the fact the truth. Therefore, the prosecutor cast the prosecution is so big lie, I can only believe that they are extravagant, clover to mind are put into the rubbish. (on the Tokyo court judges, prosecutors is how extravagant, pampered, and I have specialized in the following sections describe the contents)
IV. Mei Ru-ao Competing death Department of the times the rule of law must be cut after the first trial, otherwise, I must first cut him a few, side of my heart hate the snow. hh I am well received by the people of care, never managed to act within the law, breaking the French Open did not escape the war culprits! ( 14) attitude openly flow in the statement table, Yu-Mei Ao also ask how do the judges neutral? In other words, Mei Ru-ao to Zhefan mind the words and deeds, even if not on a sound legal system in China today, he also acts as a judge with the middle ? not obediently put away their home to buy sweet potato bedding roll out?
However, Mei Yu ao extreme performance is not quite there. his oath during the trial participants is sensational: Xie dead people (15). does it mean their death without trial, has long been handpicked by?
Mei Ru-ao do not always understand, he not only participate in the trial to Tokyo, his first of the ultimate identity of the judges, the state should be the offshoot of distal sense and to be squeezed out ability to avoid the interference. If you really want one of revenge, the Japanese have Daozu the facts under the fish, which also was on the wheel that physically very weak Mei Ru-ao's scholar scholars to go to war in China, casual find a few hero Yang Zirong still have possession of justice and fairness. by engaging in law Mei Ru-ao that, in fact, become confused with the Tokyo Tribunal put the type of correction correcting Yang Zirong Takeo just cut the mess.
Sadly, this truth is not only to Mei Ru-ao death also took exception, to this day, Mei Yu ao this be seen.
court in Tokyo, with Mei Ru-ao such mastery of the Road Law School who is this, that thousands of years, I do not know why the modern rule of law matter, but the Chinese took to the court a witness, and its performances in is left the r behavior (16) the various testimonies, many media reports at the time have left black and white in a to explain how to include forgery of justice into a classic material.
Now, let me extract some data to show the Chinese how funny perjury of witnesses:
the number of investigations of the Nanjing Massacre, the Chinese people to fully reflect the patriotism out. we began to race whose patriotism high, so the number of Japanese soldiers killing becomes clearer and more lies spread to the last as much as a person of a claim that he see Japanese soldiers killed 57,818 people, two people claim to only two of them buried 28,730 bodies. everyone knows that this statement is nonsense, but no one dared to stand up and say they are nonsense. Who says the Chinese witnesses to lie because Who is speaking for the Japanese, the traitor, and traitors at the time the crime was beheaded. So, although we all know that this is false, but no one dares to say, then l saw a Japanese soldier killed 57,818 people, Two people buried 28,730 bodies r a ridiculous thing, it has also openly made the Chinese newspapers. To make matters worse, the three big lies are spread did not know the foreign market, that foreign and Chinese as the world is a lie, then insisted that the three go to the international court to testify. though it was a lot of three Chinese officials also know that this is a lie, let them know that the International Court will make a fool, but who did not dare let them to go, because no one to stop them is the traitor who is patriotic behavior. we had to watch the big lies are spread to the international court fool of shame to the Chinese people. Of course spreading big lies in the international court to fool the Chinese people, after losing face , and no one dares to criticize their lying behavior, because they say the patriotic lie l r, we have to bring these people to no longer way to forgive them lies the Nation l r behavior. (17) br> ordinary Chinese civilians like this overreaching, lies harm the country, and cultural knowledge as a military generals, but also on the burden of proof at the Tokyo court procedures to understand and adapt to what extent do?
throughout the year, according to China participated in the Tokyo High Wenbin trial witness recalls:
As such, almost under the witness box H. (18) The mentioned the , the court's decision on this paradox, and not carefully verified, in particular, all evidence against the defendant as Tokyo is the letter in court permits partial exposed side of doubtful mind (this attitude is also a direct result of the court rejected evidence that adoption of the Japanese defenders, > until the Tokyo trial after the end of 1961, Mei Yu ao military generals by reading some of the . In his disastrous situation of confusion and expense of insider articles, so I am particularly angry. ... As Chiang

Schools in North Canton Auto Repair deep concern about a tax reform will be open, not limited to improving ...

 Schools in North Canton Auto Repair attention: a tax reform will open the deep-seated, not limited to improve the threshold
mm Source: Chongqing Evening News
Recently, the reporter learned from informed sources, the field of personal income tax authorities are in the pipeline deep-seated reform, only a simple problem of increased tax threshold. (Xi'an North aftermarket schools)
may be taken into account the specific implementation of the income and expenditure of the taxpayer, the amount of consolidated tax payment, or even to consider such factors as family burden the taxpayer, the basic livelihood of the implementation of additional special deduction deduction, rather than the classification of income tax system is implemented on the personal income into different categories according to different sources, and each class is calculated according to a separate tax rate.
It is understood that the existing international personal income tax system in two forms: one is a comprehensive personal income tax system, one is the classification of personal income tax system. In some of the development of a more mature state taxes, in general, a combination of the two tax system. In addition to the different sources of income for individuals to take appropriate classification, but also an integrated personal income tax system, its annual tax revenue into the range. (Northern auto repair schools in Nanning)
In China, the current implementation of the classification of personal income tax system, that is, all taxpayers miscellaneous income categories, respectively, collected, all paid to date. In this way, on the one hand resulted in an objective source of income for single wage earners pay tax more, and diversified sources of income less high-income tax issues; the other hand, a tax on all taxpayers, the implementation of to solve some deep-seated twist, so to reduce the burden of low-income earners.
Currently, tax department had been working on the progressive realization of this goal, the reporter learned that, within the Ministry of Finance has recently started meeting to study the issue of reform. ( auto repair schools north of Chengdu) 

A professor of the practice of 248 years of university education must not be confined to the ivory tower - the Haipei ...

 Ho Village (Bohai University journalism professor):
5 years of my greatest achievement, summarized in one sentence, is to lead students to take root in the earth, broaden our path of social practice.
I was a university journalism teachers. a national leader said, deep feelings about this sentence. I think students learn to take responsibility, than to teach him the knowledge is important. must not be confined to the ivory tower of university education.
with this belief, in 2005, I led the students Bohai University students founded with the Agriculture Research Center, established a personnel. I lead college students traveled to various cities in Liaoning, in the vast rural fields, community facility, launched a survey of more than 20 rural issues, conducted a series of Features practice.
Shanghai training chair for the survey so that students can have a place to publish, I went to Shenyang, Beijing and around the contact media. in Shenyang, a media, I stood at the door to people about our ideas, our efforts, finally touched each other, so that students work to be published.
2006  6 months, a detailed description of the living conditions of rural children left behind Report published by the media, has aroused strong repercussions. After that, I then led the students in a life the expansion of the educational philosophy I also received more support. Now, our college has more than 10 units and Jinzhou cooperation, the establishment of a journalism practice teaching base. students are more in-depth extensive contact with the community, and through the press have written, concerned about the success of enterprise, understand the changes in rural development, directly involved in social work services.
to give up a lot of research time, though, but I think worth it. As a teacher training university press personnel, efforts should be made for students in the deep understanding of state and the people and deep love

Into the TBC is not heard before

 Into the TBC is not heard before, see a copy of heroic deeds of a number of, 500 soldiers were fighting about defense 3k blood, commoner all spike, boss attributes to bt. Always thought it was a super hard place.
Entering Upgrade Outland When a few friends often talk about a topic that is a copy of the vision of the hero model. I went to 70 after a long rest. landfall again wow, saw a friend on your friends list in the slave pens.slave pens normal mode, but a copy is around 63, then he will certainly no doubt in heroic mode.
? br> I take a look at his equipment, most of the task or award, a copy of the key nor a hero. bite the bullet, since all 70 were removed from ordinary copy. equipped with a piece of the update, the keychain has become more heavy. finally got all the necessary key: 5 Heroic keys, three copies of door keys 70, and the Karazhan key.
most of the package is outside the domain of the key Warlock
watch their damage on the dmg meter above the regular Other dps part of it, so delighted the like, heroic, I'm ready to complete, I want to come.
But this time, my pastor joined a guild, in order to see the grace of Karazhan.
all later unhappy, doomed to move on I had this Association is a mistake. back into Wednesdays, four times per five-hour raid, into a group at the bear off the many accusations of treatment, as well as a rookie, was the original circles of exclusion.'s insistence that a few weeks, when the promise is because the first of my kind friends, the promise is because the moving force in the Association sent two copies to me for one night attume karazhan. in the end is a priest, warlock is so true that to enjoy treatment.
I asked to leave raid, makes the association of two simultaneous Karazhan group was forced by the lack of treatment into one. In the end, I was an officer of the criticism will retire.
I withdraw, he said: do not like to use the priest raid.
I can effectively treat the first, a warlock can end with a thief out of the last 11% of the blood of Aran.
but I do not like.
I really want to play a warlock. indeed my fault. I do not have the luxury of five hours a day, and collect money for the bottle flask and repair time. This is not a game I want to sell equipment free.
said so much and nothing heroic nonsense. In short, I quit the round of the raid, the heroic mode start a copy of my journey. I joined the now before the council, the President said, we do not raid, just copy and play the hero mode pvp. I said This is what I want.
heroic mode too empty to go shopping, play raid casual than many of the natural, not like an ordinary copy of the brush is so bored reputation. now experienced the most heroic copy , in addition to the botanica, the Arcatraz and Black Morass.
one, players do not tell me the purpose of
, playing heroic mode just to challenge themselves. Anyone who knows the importance of equipment of the WOW. Heroic copy the hard work of friends, has three purposes:
1, each boss will drop badge, you can collect a certain number of public domain outside the main city in exchange for epic.
2, the final boss will drop or purple epic gem , epic quality comparable to Karazhan and Gruulrs lair of the equipment properties. I think the current Society will not have a lot of farm Serpentshrine Cavern. Normal mode 70 copies of non-heroic mode, all new boss will fall 70 blue-loaded Many good properties. (normal mode is 70 copies of the same heroic mode drop blue-installed.)
3, final boss Heroic mode will drop Primal Nether. This material BOP, individual Manufacturing has needs.
There may be other reasons, such as reputation, such as helping friends and so on. But these are relatively minor.
two teams composed of
1/3/1 formation. that is, a tank, three damage output, a treatment. normal mode may be equipped with two treatments, and heroic mode, certain to hurt hurt hurt. I remember long ago a friend said: The most effective defense is the fastest kill the enemy.
tanks: the best choice is anti-war and Feral. good defense equipment as other types of warriors, knights would not have had. Commoner easily be a second hero mode, pull-hatred is a terrible live .
treatment: Pastor, restoration shaman, holy knights is a good choice. clergyman has the advantage of fort, shield and fade, but in case of OT, priests die fast. sprinkled all kinds of stakes, and powerful Bloodlust, makes the team sought to boost their combat capability. The greeting makes them have a strong element of self-protection capability. Speaking of self-protection capability, the natural devaluation Knight, plate armor milk dad is not covered, often at stake to allow the procession back to life. resumption of Germany also not bad, just the best team and a career can be resurrected, such as element / enhancement shaman or shadow priest. heroic death of one or two people inside are common, we can not sit back and forth so we dry run soul.
I personally prefer the holy paladins and shaman, of course, eyes of the beholder.
dps: I set off all the teams, the Master necessary. because the sheep is a heroic mode, the only safe CC. Looking at other control occupational , sap can not serve as combat CC, many blame the immune charm, because the trap was set flapping against hunters, not the first time I've ever seen. And there are few that can not be a copy of CC's monster, the Master of the kite can be safe.
team will be equipped with two General CC dps, a mage, the other can be a mage, or a warlock, a thief (strong nausea), Hunter. The third dps to random, and shadow priests, elemental shaman, field Germany was a big hit; mad war / shaman will increase pressure treatment, the birds, when Germany and the blue will be tight to play boss, but if they hurt good, can be considered. dps most important injury stronger, so even if we Wild Team also requires looking into the team, first lists the current equipment.
some copies may be some special requirements, such as the shattered halls, shadow labs the best of three CC dps; slave pens best to have shaman or tank Druid; mechanar preferably warlock, and so on.
three battles on the battle
usual, CC, after control, tank against one or two strange, in the treatment of the assistance, dps they will be the bombers to kill them one by one. all boss's style of play online now have a mature Raiders. if not check the internet, try to realize twice can not be too tricky. But the heroic model relative to the normal mode, fault tolerance reduced. any late great treatment, the control of any one is not timely, may lead to instantaneous destruction mission.
the hero of my pastor to complete the math model has only two, most of the time using a warlock. Heroic treatment pressure, even if the tanks full of blood, the blood also need to keep the brush.'d rather break will complete the treatment, and do not inadvertently lead to treatment could not keep pace. Even if the tank full of blood, the next second you do not know him Where the Blood article.
Warlock in the copy of the popularity of personal feeling behind in dps career Master. TBC greatly enhanced the ability of the Warlock pve. remove the talent, all the new skills almost are prepared for the pve. warlocks have complained there is no effective means to reduce the hatred, so there Soulshatter; complain to the sugar too expensive stone, so have soulwell; complain too suicide AOE waste material, so with Seed of Corruption. < br> warlock in heroic mode, the most effective means of population control is fear. Yes, you're not wrong, is fear. If you copy someone outside the domain you yell, the next copy can not be fear, then it must be a white man. Not only warlock, warrior priest has seen a surge of fear in a copy of running around to blame. Of course, in order to use fear, Yinguai distance must pay attention to the same pile of strange fear is off to a strange fate groups.
bliz probably Warlock hate the formula changed some, and now the output is no longer easy to arbitrary OT, highest dps warlock first naturally become common. and warlocks are the biggest signs heroic team is still preparing to destroy the soul of rock groups, poverty groups and Heroes models go hand. Today there is a mage team, complained that the next version of the Master will be weakened, he said, you do not get too happy, to see the scenery of the current Warlock, is a matter of being undermined. unreasonable, the bottom in the next 5 arena was the first to burn out, is not a good taste.
short, a copy of the hero model is not difficult, of course, can not say that simple. my hero mode on the server copy has become a mass five pug state. from which to obtain than the epic nature of the raid 5 hours a day much easier.

LG hand of God pushing lease financing large inventory of security codes 2010

 2010 years, this is called Gone are the times, expand product lines, market front stretch, pull wide to become a bargaining chip security companies combat the market.

Digital China in recent years in the field of security actions can be said that more and more, In 2010, the new move of God and which code? We come to take stock of what:

1. Gongtuo hand LG Electronics Security Market

4 14, LG Electronics ( China) Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as LG Electronics) and Digital China (China) Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Digital China) held a press conference in Beijing, the two sides formally signed a strategic cooperation agreement, both sides of this contract highlights the and create the strategic significance of the market situation and determination.

Comments: LG Electronics on behalf of the world's leading electronic products and solutions development, and Digital China will carry the channels of the most extensive customer resources the two platforms on the integration of their respective strengths to jointly enter the security market, for other security companies, is also a great challenge.

2. introduced Vivid Image technology to solve the image performance balance

2010, Digital AMPON (An Peng) to rely on independent innovation of new technologies introduced Vivid Image technology, which is the first comprehensive consideration of the three core elements of surveillance cameras make new original technology. Vivid Image technology from the definition, illumination and color reproduction aspects, namely the design of ultra high resolution, ultra low-light technology, color reproduction and noise reduction technology and stain technology, effective solution to the conflict between the performance and achieve the three core performance the best balance, enhancing the overall performance of surveillance camera images of the integrated force.

Comments: Vivid Image technology, there is not accidental, but inevitable, but whether they can fundamentally solve the performance of the existing surveillance cameras the core issue remains to be seen.

3. innovative business models introduced lease financing services

rapid economic development in society now, and financial leasing services for the development of market economy into a strong vitality, With its powerful compatibility, including IBM, Hewlett-Packard and other international giants have launched in September .. financial leasing services, Digital China has announced its entry into the field of finance lease, a security industry first to offer financial leasing services to domestic brands.

Comments: With the accelerating process of IP security services become increasingly important, growing competition encourages everyone to strive to find new business models and new business growth, such as lease financing services, and such video hosting service.

article reproduced from the rental network, see more exciting information please visit the Rent website:

in the net lease financing company committed to solve the problem of information asymmetry, lower cost, fast docking of resources; build the project (financing, the seller), capital (investment, the buyer) and the third value-added information platform for the cooperation of parties to screen the real potential for investment projects worth grafting; released the latest industry information the fastest, most comprehensive coverage of government policies and relevant laws and regulations; to provide matching information, advertising services, value-added resources to improve services .

China's Energy Conditions and Policies

 China's Energy Conditions and Policies of the PRC State Council Information Office

December 2007 b Beijing
Contents Preface I. Current Situation
two energy development, energy development strategy and objectives
Third, and comprehensively promote energy conservation
four, five
energy supply capacity and accelerating technological progress
six energy, promote energy and environmental development
seven or eight Deepening energy system reform
to strengthen international cooperation in the field of energy Energy is
Conclusion
Preface survival and development of human society, an important material foundation. Throughout the history of the development of human society, every civilization is accompanied by significant progress in improving energy and replacement. energy development and utilization greatly advanced in the world economy and the development of human society.
the past 100 years, developed countries have completed the industrialization, consumption of a large number of the earth's natural resources, especially energy resources. At present, Some developing countries are entering the stage of industrialization, energy consumption increase is the inevitable economic and social development objective.
China is the world's largest developing country, economic development, poverty, the Chinese government and people for a long The main task of a period of .20 in the late 70 century, China has the world's fastest growing developing country, has achieved remarkable economic and social development of the brilliant achievements, successfully opened up the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, for the world development and prosperity have made significant contributions.
China is now second in the world energy producer and consumer. continued growth of energy supply for economic and social development has provided important support. The rapid growth of energy consumption for the world energy market to create a broad space for development. China has become an indispensable world energy markets an important part in maintaining global energy security, is playing an increasingly important and active role.
Chinese government is the scientific concept of development guide and accelerate the development of modern energy industry, adhere to resource conservation and environmental protection a basic national policy of building resource-saving and environment-friendly society on the industrialization and modernization strategy in a prominent position, efforts to strengthen capacity for sustainable development, building an innovative country continued economic development and prosperity for the world to make greater contributions.
one, energy development, energy resources, energy status
development. Since the founding of new China, increasing the intensity of energy resources exploration, a number of organizations resource evaluation. China's energy resources have the following characteristics:
mm total abundance of energy resources. China has abundant fossil energy resources. in which the dominant coal .2006, 1.0345 trillion tons of coal resources to maintain the remaining exploration Ming recoverable reserves account for about 13% of the world, listed third in the world. has proven oil and natural gas reserves are relatively insufficient, oil shale, coal bed methane and other unconventional fossil energy reserves potential. China has a relatively rich renewable energy resources. theoretical reserves of hydropower resources equivalent to annual power output of 6.19 trillion kwh, the economically exploitable annual power generation of about 1.76 trillion kwh, equivalent to the amount of the world's water resources for 12% of the column in the world.
mm low per capita ownership of energy resources. China's large population, per capita ownership of energy resources at a low level in the world. coal and water resources per capita amount equal to 50% of the world average, oil and gas resources per capita is only the world average of 1 / 15 or so. cultivated land per capita less than 30% of the world, limiting the development of biomass energy.
mm occurrence of uneven distribution of energy resources. China's energy resources are widely distributed, but not balanced. Coal resources are mainly the existence of Fu north and northwest areas, water resources are mainly distributed in southwest China, oil and natural gas resources exist primarily Fu eastern, central and western regions and sea areas. China's primary energy consumption is concentrated in the southeast coastal economically developed areas, resources, occurrence with the obvious geographical differences in energy consumption. large-scale, long-distance transport coal from north to south, north south transportation of oil, natural gas and electric power, is the salient features of energy flow and energy transport basic pattern.
mm energy resources more difficult. and the world, the Chinese coal resources, poor geological mining conditions, most of the reserves need to underground mining, open pit mining for a very small amount. oil and gas resources in complex geological conditions, buried deep, exploration and development higher technical requirements. untapped hydropower resources are mostly concentrated in the southwest of the mountain valleys, away from the load center, a larger development effort and cost. a very low level of conventional energy resources exploration, the economy is poor, lack of competitiveness.
Since the reform and opening up, the rapid development of China's energy industry, for the protection of a sustained, rapid development has made important contributions, mainly in:
mm supply significantly improved. After decades of efforts, China has initially formed a coal subject-centered power, oil and gas and renewable energy all-round development of the energy supply structure, and basically established a relatively perfect system of energy supply. built a large number of million-ton coal .2006 2.21 billion of total primary energy production tons of standard coal, out in the world. Among them, output of 2.37 billion tons of coal, out in the world. has built Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Tarim and other large oil production base in a number of 2006, crude oil production 185 million tonnes, to achieve steady growth, the world's fifth column. natural gas production increased rapidly, from 14.3 billion cubic meters in 1980 increased to 58.6 billion cubic meters in 2006. commercialization of renewable energy capacity in the energy mix in a progressively higher proportion. Power the rapid development of installed capacity and electricity generation to reach 622 million kilowatts, respectively, and 2.87 trillion kwh, are listed in the world. Energy rapid development of comprehensive transport system, transportation capabilities and to build a rail line west and east coal port terminals, forming a north south transport the oil pipeline network, to build a large natural gas lines, to achieve the west to east and regional grid interconnection.
mm energy saving effect is remarkable .1980 m2006, China's energy consumption to an average of 5.6 % average annual growth of 9.8% support the growth of national economy. at 2005 constant prices, million of GDP energy consumption by 3.39 tons of standard coal in 1980 dropped to 1.21 tons of standard coal in 2006, the average annual energy saving rate of 3.9%, reversing the recent energy consumption per unit of GDP rising trend. energy processing, conversion, storage and end use of integrated efficiency of 33%, compared with 1980 increased by 8 percentage points. the unit energy consumption decreased , where steel, cement, ammonia and other products of large integrated energy and coal consumption and the international advanced level shrinking.
mm consumption structure has been optimized. China's energy consumption has been ranked the world's second .2006, primary energy consumption totaled 2.46 billion tons of standard coal. China attaches great importance to optimize energy consumption structure, and coal in primary energy consumption rose from 72.2% in 1980 to 69.4% in 2006, other energy rose from 27.8% up to 30.6%. in which the proportion of renewable energy and nuclear power from 4.0% to 7.2%, oil and natural gas increase. final energy consumption structure was evident, the coal share of energy into electricity from 20.7% to 49.6%, commercial energy and clean use of energy in living can be significantly improved in the proportion.
mm technology has improved rapidly. China has made significant achievements in energy science and technology in order to the technological development of the theory of petroleum geology. oil and gas industry has formed a relatively complete system of exploration and development of technology, especially complex block exploration and development, to improve oil recovery techniques in a leading position in the international community. completed a number of coal industry large-scale mine the international advanced level, the focus integrated mechanized coal mining increased significantly. In the power industry, advanced technology and large capacity and high power generation units are widely used parameters, station design, engineering and equipment manufacturing technology has reached world advanced level, million-kilowatt nuclear pressurized water reactor with the initial design and construction capabilities independently, cooled reactor, fast neutron breeder reactor technology research and development a major breakthrough. flue gas desulfurization pollution control, renewable energy development and use of technology rapidly. positive and negative 500 kV DC and 750 kV AC transmission demonstration projects have been put into operation, plus or minus 800 kV DC and 1000 kV UHV AC Transmission pilot demonstration project started.
mm environmental progress. The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection, strengthening environmental protection has become a basic national policy of environmental awareness among all sectors of society in general increase of 1992 and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, China formulated the protection, and achieved positive progress. China's energy policy to reduce and effectively control the process of energy development and utilization of environmental damage caused by environmental pollution as the main content of .2006, dust removal facilities in coal-fired unit installation rate and rate of wastewater discharge standards nearly 100%, smoke and dust emissions in 1980 is almost equal unit of electricity to reduce dust emissions by 90% .2006, the country built and put into operation of the desulfurization of thermal power installed capacity of 104 million kilowatts, more than the sum of the previous 10 years, equipment desulphurization facilities, thermal power accounts for the proportion of the total installed capacity of thermal power from 2000 to 2% to 30%.
mm market conditions gradually improved. gradually improve China's energy market, the energy industry progressed steadily. energy breakthrough corporate restructuring, essential to establish a modern enterprise system. investors to achieve diversification, rapid growth in energy investment, expanding the market. coal industry production and distribution of basic realization of the market. power industry realized the separation of enterprise Changwangfenkai, the establishment of regulatory bodies. basically realized oil and gas industry upstream and downstream, domestic and foreign trade integration. energy prices, the deepening of reform, the price mechanism has been improved.
With China's rapid economic development and industrialization, accelerated urbanization, energy demand is growing, build a stable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system faces major challenges highlighted in the following areas:
mm outstanding resource constraints, energy efficiency is low. China's quality relative shortage of energy resources, improvement of supply capacity constrained ; energy resources are unevenly distributed, has also increased the difficulty of continued stable supply; the extensive mode of economic growth, irrational energy structure, the low level of energy technology and equipment and management level is relatively backward, resulting in energy consumption per unit of GDP and the main energy-consuming products energy higher than the average level of major energy consuming countries, further exacerbated the contradiction between energy supply and demand. simply increasing the energy supply, to meet growing consumer demand.
mm coal-dominated energy consumption and environmental pressures. Coal is China's primary energy, coal-dominated energy structure in the future for a long time to change. relatively backward methods of coal production and consumption, increasing pressure on environmental protection. coal consumption is causing a major coal-burning air pollution reasons, but also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. With the rapid increase in vehicle population, air pollution in some cities have become soot mixed with motor vehicle exhaust. this situation continues, the ecological environment will lead to more pressure.
mm imperfect market system, emergency response capability needs to be strengthened. China's energy market system needs to be improved, the energy pricing mechanism fails to fully reflect the scarcity of resources, supply and demand and environmental costs. energy resource exploration and development to further standardize the order to be , the energy regulatory system Shangdai Jian full. coal mine production safety more outstanding loans, power grid structure is not reasonable, less oil reserve capacity to effectively deal with energy supply disruptions and major emergencies and early warning system to be further improved and strengthened.
II energy development strategy and adhere to China's energy development goals
conservation development, clean development and safe development. adhere to the development is the last word, with the development and reform of the methods to solve the problem. implement the scientific concept of development, people-oriented, change the development ideas, innovation and development pattern, improve the quality of development. adhere to the high technological content, low resource consumption, little environmental pollution, good economic returns, guaranteed security of energy development path, to maximize the energy of a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.
insist on relying on domestic energy development in China's basic principles and the basic national policy of opening up to the stable growth of domestic energy to ensure a stable supply of energy, and promote common development of the world's energy. China's energy development will bring more countries in the world more opportunities for development, will bring a broad international market development, energy security and stability in the world will make a positive contribution.
the basic content of China's energy strategy are: priority to conservation, relying on domestic supply, develop diverse, relying on technology, environmental protection, strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation in international efforts to build a stable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system to support sustainable energy development sustainable economic and social development.
mm high priority to conservation. China regards resource conservation as basic state policy of energy development and conservation simultaneously, saving priority, positive change in economic development, adjusting the industrial structure, encourage the development of energy-saving technologies, popularizing energy-saving products, improving energy management, improving energy efficiency regulations and standards, and continuously improve energy efficiency.
mm based on the domestic. China mainly relies on increased domestic energy supply security by increasing domestic supply capacity steadily and continuously to meet the growing needs of energy markets.
mm diversity. orderly development of coal in China will actively develop the power, speed up development of oil and gas, encourage the development of coalbed methane, vigorously develop hydropower and other renewable energy resources, actively promote nuclear power development, scientific development of alternative energy, optimizing energy structure, multi-can complement each other to ensure a steady supply of energy.
mm rely on Science and Technology. fully rely on energy science and technology, enhance independent innovation capability, enhance digestion and absorption of imported technology and re-innovation, break through the technical bottleneck of energy development, improve key technologies and major equipment manufacturing level, and create energy development and utilization of new ways to enhance the development potential.
mm protect the environment. China to build resource-saving and environment-friendly society as the goal and actively promote the coordinated development of energy and the environment. adhere to the realization in the development of protection, in promoting development in the protection and achieving sustainable development.
mm mutually beneficial cooperation. based on the domestic energy development in China based on equality and mutual benefit and win-win adhere to the principles, candid and pragmatic attitude, and the International Energy Agency and world countries to strengthen energy cooperation, and actively improve the cooperation mechanism, deepen cooperation and maintain international energy security and stability.
Seventeenth CPC National Congress proposed to accelerate the transformation of mode of development, optimizing structure, improving efficiency, reducing consumption and protecting the environment, based on the gross domestic product per capita in 2020 quadruple the year 2000. emissions reduction of 10%.
to achieve economic and social development goals, China's energy development and social development needs, remarkable results were achieved energy conservation, energy efficiency has been markedly improved, the structure was further optimized, technology has made substantial progress, economic efficiency and market competitiveness significantly increased, with the socialist market economic system to adapt to the energy macro-control, market supervision laws and regulations, and early warning systems and mechanisms are gradually improving, energy and economic, social, and environmental development.
three, and comprehensively promote energy conservation
China is a large population and relative shortage of resources in developing countries. to achieve sustainable economic and social development, must take the road of saving resources. China has planned and organized to carry out energy conservation work began in the early 80s, through the implementation of the to achieve economic growth on quadruple century, the goal of doubling energy consumption growth. To continue to further promote energy conservation, the Chinese government further put forward the conservation of resources as a basic national policy, issued a . The Chinese Government has always been to conserve energy as the main content of macro-control, as a change in mode of development, optimizing the structure of the breakthrough point and the starting point. in promoting energy conservation work, to achieve energy reduction is the fundamental way; relying on technological progress, which is the key to energy saving; rely on strengthening management, which is an important energy saving measures; rely on strengthening the legal system, which is an important guarantee of energy saving; rely on deepening reform This is the internal driving force for energy conservation; rely on public participation, which is the social basis of energy conservation. to develop and implement a and the concrete implementation of energy saving tasks to the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities as well as key enterprises. China is improving GDP and energy consumption indicator system, the energy consumption into the economic and social development around the comprehensive evaluation and annual evaluation, the implementation of energy per unit of GDP consumption indicators bulletin system, the implementation of energy conservation target responsibility and accountability, building energy-saving industrial system and promote economic development fundamental change in the way.
save energy, ease the resource constraints is a realistic choice. promote energy conservation, is economic and social development strategy for the long-term and arduous task. China adheres to government-led, market-based, business-oriented, joint participation in society, and comprehensively promote energy conservation. China is committed to improving energy efficiency as the core, to transform the mode of economic development , adjusting the economic structure and accelerating technological progress as the fundamental building energy and resource conservation-type industrial structure, development and consumption patterns. to establish energy-saving industrial system, the implementation of energy conservation target responsibility system and evaluation and examination system. improve the energy-saving technology promotion mechanism to encourage energy-saving technology and product development. deepen energy system, improve energy pricing mechanism, give full play to the financial and tax and other economic policy role in promoting energy conservation.
China's full implementation of the energy conservation measures are:
mm promote restructuring . a long time, mainly due to the low energy efficiency of economic growth pattern and high proportion of high energy consuming industries. China adheres to the changing patterns of development, adjustment of industrial structure and the internal structure of the strategic focus as an energy conservation efforts to form a ; low input, low consumption, low emission, high efficiency elimination of backward production capacity, promote fundamental change in the way of economic development, accelerate the construction of energy-saving industrial system.
mm to enhance industrial energy efficiency. industry is a key area of China's energy consumption. China adheres to the high technological content, good economic returns, low resource consumption environmental pollution and human resources into full play the new road to industrialization, speed up the development of high-tech industry, the use of high technology and advanced applicable technologies to transform traditional industries and enhance the overall level of industry. focus on strengthening the steel, nonferrous metals, coal, electricity, petroleum and petrochemical , chemicals, energy saving building materials high energy-consuming industries. Chinese enterprises to implement energy saving thousands of action, focus on strengthening the tons of standard coal in energy consumption and energy management of industrial enterprises above. adjustment of product structure, speed up technological innovation, improve management, reduce energy consumption. to support a number of major energy conservation and demonstration projects, promote industrial energy efficiency standards. to further improve industrial energy efficiency standards and norms, forced out of the backward high-energy products, improve the energy efficiency market access system.
mm Implementation energy conservation projects. China is implementing a conservation alternative to oil, cogeneration, waste heat recovery, building energy-saving ten key energy conservation projects and demonstration projects to support key energy saving, and encouraging the promotion and application of energy efficient products. China to develop land-efficient construction, and actively promote energy saving of existing buildings, extensive use of new wall materials. implement conservation and alternative petroleum engineering, scientific development of alternative fuels. accelerate the elimination of old automobiles, ships, actively develop public transport, limiting high-fuel efficient vehicles, developing energy saving cars. speed up coal-fired industrial boiler (kiln) Furnace, regional cogeneration and waste heat and pressure utilization, improve energy efficiency. for electrical energy and energy system optimization, operation and energy systems to improve the efficiency of the motor. implementation of green lighting project accelerate the application of efficient appliances. accelerate the promotion of the rural province of firewood coal saving stoves, energy-saving housing technology, elimination of high energy consumption of old farm machinery, fishing boats, promote agricultural and rural energy. to strengthen government institutions energy saving, energy-saving role of the government's role in promoting the community. accelerate energy-saving monitoring and technical service system, strengthen energy monitoring, innovative service platform.
mm strengthening of energy conservation. The Chinese government established a government system of compulsory procurement of energy-saving products, actively promote the priority to buy energy-saving (including water) products, select some significant energy savings, performance of products to be more mature force procurement. actively play the role of government procurement policy guidance, and stimulated the production and use of energy-saving products. study and formulate fiscal and taxation policies to encourage energy conservation, the implementation of preferential tax policies for comprehensive utilization of resources, the establishment of multi-channel energy financing mechanisms. deepen reform of energy prices, and create favorable energy price formation mechanism. the implementation of energy-saving assessments of fixed asset investment projects and audit system, strict source of energy consumption growth. to establish a new mechanism for energy companies to implement energy efficiency labeling management, promoting contract energy management and energy conservation voluntary agreements. establish and improve energy conservation law and regulation, strengthen energy management. strengthen energy conservation management team building and strengthen law enforcement supervision and inspection.
mm advocate social energy. China has taken various forms to vigorously promote the importance of energy conservation meaning, constantly enhance the sense of national resources and conservation. promote energy conservation, culture, and strive to create a healthy, civilized and economical mode of consumption. to save energy in basic education, vocational education, higher education and technical training system, the use of press, publishing, broadcasting Television and other media, and vigorously promote and popularize energy-saving knowledge. continue to carry out energy-saving publicity week, to mobilize the community to participate in efforts to establish a long-term mechanism of energy-saving society.
Fourth, to improve energy supply capacity
a long time, China mainly relies on domestic energy resources, economic development, energy self-sufficiency rate has remained above 90%, far higher than most developed countries. At present, China has become the world's second largest energy producer, with a strong foundation for energy production and supply. In the process of building a moderately prosperous society, China will be the first based on domestic energy resources, focus on optimizing the energy structure, efforts to improve the supply capacity.
the development of energy resources in China have great potential. coal resources have been found only resource endowment 13% of the amount of recoverable reserves have been discovered resources accounted for 40%. Water resources development and utilization level of only 20%. the degree of proven oil resources and 33%, began to enter the exploration and medium-term, there is still great potential. natural gas exploration out the extent of 14%, in the early exploration of resources and broad prospects. non-conventional energy resources development and utilization is still in the early stage of development potential. development and utilization of renewable energy has just started, the development is very big. resource-saving, comprehensive utilization and recycling etc., there are good prospects.
China to improve energy supply capacity measures are:
mm and orderly development of coal. Coal is China's basic energy, increase supply capacity, optimize the energy structure, ensure mine safety and reduce environmental pollution, increase resource utilization efficiency and build a new coal industry system, is an urgent need to protect the national economy. exploration of coal resources in China to increase efforts to support large-scale coal-based resources survey and geological detailed investigation, standard commercial exploration, improve the level of protection of resources, and steadily promote large-scale coal bases. through corporate mergers and restructuring, the formation of several hundred million ton production capacity of large enterprise groups. continue to promote the integration of coal resource development, adjustment and reform medium and small coal mines, according to law, not out of line with industrial policies, not safety conditions, wasting resources and destroying the environment of small coal mines, and further optimize the structure of the coal industry. to promote the coordinated development of related industries and encourage the implementation of coal or coal transported associate integrated operation, to extend the coal industrial chain. to improve the level of mechanization and mine Comprehensive mechanization coal mining, promote clean production and use of coal, to encourage the development and promotion of clean coal technologies, accelerate research and demonstration of alternative liquid fuels. actively develop a circular economy, strengthen environmental protection, promote the comprehensive utilization of resources, speed up coalbed methane industry development. strengthen the coal transportation system, steadily enhance the transport capacity. to establish safe production responsibility system, and increase coal mine safety improvement and gas control input, continuously improve the safety level of production.
mm actively developing electric power. Electricity is clean and efficient energy the establishment of economic, efficient and stable power supply system is to ensure that the development of national economy and the basic requirement of social stability. China is committed to restructuring as the main line, optimize the power structure. In considering the resources, technology, environmental protection and the basis of such factors as market , the optimal development of coal power, build large coal base, encourage the development of Hang Hau Station, focusing on the development of large and efficient environmental protection unit. proactive development of combined heat and power, to speed up the elimination of backward small thermal power units. in protecting the ecology, the conditions to properly resolve the immigration issue , vigorously develop hydropower. actively promote nuclear power construction. appropriately develop natural gas. encourage renewable energy and new energy power generation. the strengthening of regional and transmission and distribution network construction, expand the scale west to east. the implementation of unified planning and scheduling power to establish and improve electrical safety, emergency response system, and improve power system security and reliability. continue to strengthen the demand side management, the implementation of energy-saving operation, efforts to improve energy efficiency.
mm accelerate the development of oil and gas. China will continue to implement the policy of both oil and gas, increase oil production steady efforts to increase natural gas production. to increase oil and natural gas exploration and development efforts focus on strengthening the Bohai Bay, Songliao, Tarim, Ordos Basin and other major oil and gas exploration and development, and actively explore the land Area, new areas, new layers and key sea exploration effectively increase the recoverable reserves. dig the main oil-producing areas of development potential, strengthen the stable transformation, enhanced oil recovery, slow and old oil field production decline. in the economic and reasonable conditions, the positive development of coal bed methane, oil shale, oil sands and other non-conventional energy sources. continue to accelerate oil and gas pipeline networks and supporting facilities, and gradually improve the national gas pipeline network.
mm vigorously develop renewable energy. Renewable energy is a priority development area of China's energy. the development of renewable energy use, increasing energy supplies, improve energy structure, has an important role in promoting environmental protection, is to address energy supply and demand and the strategic choice to achieve sustainable development. China has enacted the , the full purchase price and the community pool policy. established a special fund for renewable energy development to support resource survey, R & D, pilot demonstration projects and rural renewable energy development and utilization. issued a development plan Small hydroelectric pumped storage power station construction. promoting solar thermal, biogas and other mature technologies, increase market share. actively promote wind power, biomass and solar power generation use of technology, will build several million-kilowatt wind power base to promote large-scale industrialization. to actively implement the support for renewable energy development and supporting policies, foster sustained and stable growth of the renewable energy market, and gradually establish and improve systems and renewable energy industry, market and service system, promotion of renewable energy technologies progress and industrial development.
mm strengthen the rural energy construction. China's 7.5 billion people live in rural areas, by economic and technical limitations, most rural areas still rely on traditional use of biomass energy. solve the rural energy problem is a comprehensive building a socialist new countryside inevitable requirement for a particular problem in China. Chinese government for its ;, million rural people without electricity and electricity in remote areas without electricity problem, the basic realization of the urban and rural Tongwangtongjia. China will continue to actively develop rural household biogas, biomass utilization, solar thermal, etc. for rural areas to provide clean life energy. continue to promote the use of firewood saving stoves kang province, small wind power, micro-hydro and other rural small-scale energy facilities. continue to increase the supply of fossil fuels in rural areas of quality, improve the proportion of the rural commercial energy consumption. continue to strengthen the rural power grid construction, actively expand network coverage. active in the green energy demonstration counties to speed up rural development and utilization of renewable energy.
V.
accelerate the progress of energy technology are primary productive forces of science and technology, is the source of motive energy development. China is highly emphasis on energy science and technology development, energy technology industry to further narrow the gap with the developed and effectively promoted the overall development of the energy industry .2005, the Chinese government formulated the technology on the priority position, according to independent innovation, focusing on cross, supporting the development of guiding the future to accelerate progress in energy technology, sustainable energy development efforts to provide technical support.
technology development in China follow the rules and characteristics actively develop and promote the conservation, substitution, recycling and pollution of the advanced and applicable technologies, progress on energy technologies to create a favorable policy environment. gradual establishment of enterprises as the mainstay and market-oriented, a combination of research and technological innovation system. to Organize advanced energy technology R & D and application, through the market mechanism, and guide enterprises to speed up technological progress, improve energy efficiency. great efforts to strengthen energy technology personnel training, focus on improving policies and regulations and technical standards for energy technology development to create good conditions.
mm promote energy-saving technologies. China regards the development of energy technologies, energy-saving technology as the priority themes, focusing on capturing the key energy-intensive areas of energy saving technologies, greatly improve the primary energy and end energy efficiency. the implementation of energy saving technology policy framework to guide social investment in energy-saving technology . focuses on the development of industrial, transportation, construction and other areas of energy-saving technologies and equipment, and building integration of renewable energy and energy-saving building materials, application technology. strengthen the energy measurement, control, supervision and management, and actively cultivate energy-saving technological service system.
mm promote innovation in key technologies. China encourages development of clean coal technology, promoting the conversion of coal gasification and processing of advanced technology research and development, promotion of integrated gasification combined cycle, supercritical (ultra) supercritical, advanced large-scale circulating fluidized bed power generation technology, the development of coal gasification-based poly-generation technologies. major focus of the third-generation pressurized water reactor nuclear power control technology, to capture HTR industrial experimental techniques. actively developing oil and gas exploration and development of complex geology and efficient development of low-grade oil and gas resources technology. encourage the development of alternative energy technologies ...

The main principle of the establishment, development and decline

 Outline the main principles: the principle of subjectivity; I think therefore I am; Copernican revolution; subjectivity evening
one of the main principles of
from Greek philosophy Western philosophy since the beginning of its basic principles established This is the Learning to know, to grasp the object of knowledge as the primary means. Thus, rationalism, scientism, and epistemology constitutes the tradition of Western philosophy or basic disciplines. Corresponding to this, will become the main issues It is one of the basic issues. However, despite the problem of subjectivity is an important issue in Western philosophy, but it really stands out, as valued by philosophers, but mainly modern philosophy for the future. because the ancient Greek philosophers in the pursuit of knowledge While not out of simple and intuitive, they do not realize the main issues. With the progress of modern science, the rapid expansion of human knowledge and expansion to a deeper level, has become an issue of epistemology and philosophy of science priority. corresponding to the modern Enlightenment, finally became the main principle of the basic principles of philosophy.
to the pursuit of knowledge of Western philosophy as the ideal, and therefore more developed theory of knowledge, and constitute one of its basic features. Since it is the pursuit of knowledge, the awakening of subjectivity into the development process for a necessary stage: When scientific knowledge has developed to a certain stage, if the subject's own lack of understanding of further understanding, it is difficult to move forward the development of scientific knowledge. The results, main principle is not only the basic principles of modern philosophy, but also constitute the basic concepts of Western civilization, its influence still play a role in.
However, both the length of all things, there is always the short. one of the main is based on the principle of separation of subject and object, based on, but which determines the unity of the two is impossible; the other hand, developed from the principle of subjectivity out of a false and exaggerated anthropocentrism. Therefore, 20 century Western philosophy to counteract the main principles of this mission, following Nietzsche shouted .
, of course, the main issues is not only epistemological issue, but also ethics, history, philosophy and other disciplines, problems, which is one of the basic problems of Western philosophy, but this chapter we discuss the main subject on the epistemological issues, as it constitutes the main contents of this issue.
Second, I think, therefore I
Although the main issues in philosophy was born as early as the beginning has been in existence, but this issue has become philosophers consciously think the main problem, but it is only the beginning of modern philosophy.
Greek philosophy Western philosophy from the beginning of a study that established the concept of knowledge, it is generally necessary to obtain knowledge as a goal, so the epistemological problems - of course, include the main issues - the basic problem is that it should be. However, when the ancient philosophers began to philosophical thinking, they are still in with the natural world, regardless of the realm of things I do not know How many arduous efforts of sensory experience from the concept of abstract universal, so although there are certainly concerned to understand the main issues, but the problem for a long time for the philosophers are not conscious. from the Renaissance beginning, science has expanded rapidly in the differentiation of the various disciplines gradually established their own research, both in depth and in breadth have made remarkable achievements. Therefore, the epistemological problem becomes one of the important issues of philosophy , which is why the beginning of modern philosophy of experience there and Rationalism debate on the question of understanding the causes.
Usually we call the awakening of subjectivity or self-consciousness principle is the basic spirit of modern philosophy, but the basic spirit of the founder of the French philosopher Descartes.
boarded the philosophy of Descartes the date of the stage, it is the decline of scholastic philosophy, philosophy, when undone. before him the difficult task of metaphysics is to rebuild the entire human re-lay the foundation for building knowledge. So, how can we determine the basis for human knowledge, it? philosopher Descartes is not only a scientist, he found that the geometry can help him solve this problem. We only perform strictly in accordance with the method of geometry type reasoning, knowledge can ensure that the truth of the universal necessity, the question is how do we determine the basic premise for reasoning, that is, the starting point or basis of knowledge. In the case of knowledge difficult to distinguish between true and false, Descartes advocated the use of universal doubt methods to clear the doubts of all things slightly, to exclude all knowledge of suspicious, no doubt looking for the basis of self-evident. In his I feel that since I put a lot of errors from an early age as a real acceptance of views over, and then on some very unreliable in accordance with the principles of things are not built up is not very suspicious, very unreliable, So I think that if I want to establish a firm scientific and reliable, enduring things, I would not in my days be careful to put all the ideas I have always believed all cleared out, and from the fundamental can not be re-started. Always hesitant of skeptics, because on the contrary, my whole plan is sure to be sought for their own reasons, to eliminate surface dust and sand in order to identify the rocks and clay. On First of all, we have been as real and reliable perceptual knowledge is not reliable. Despite feeling a lot of things to us about the report, but sometimes the senses can be deceiving. For example the same as the distance of an object is different in the sense that it becomes different things. Therefore, once these things to fool us Do not believe, is certainly prudent behavior. However, despite the sensory distance of things, size, etc. may deceive us, but in other ways may be no reason to doubt it. For example, I sat by the fire, dressed in winter coats, etc., how can I deny these hands, this body is for me? However, this is also suspicious. because I am a man, in sleep may be dreaming. I whether sitting here, being sober is uncertain or in the dream, so also can be questioned. That being the case, we can thus infer that all things depend on the scientific study such as physics, astronomy, medicine, and so are suspicious, because they exist in reality if the object is uncertain. Cartesian doubt is so complete that he even believes that his beloved mathematics, geometry is also questionable, because people often make mistakes when reasoning and God created the world also may be a liar, and he intended that we are fooled: We think that 2 times 2 equals 4, and in fact is equal to 5. Not only that, even the vision of God does not exist is also allowed. Thus, we which is very easy to assume that neither God nor heaven, nor the object, it is easy to assume that not even our own hands, no feet, and finally there is not even the body. In short, the past, all we could ascertain is illusory.
However, when we doubt this way all the time, the suspicion itself is no doubt that a truth that I can not doubt that It is thought Shique not exist, it is self-contradictory. In other words, those who suspect that there must be a doubt in doubt, thinking there must be a thought in the mind. So, ) but a true and reliable, even skeptics of any one of the most arrogant presumption of the truth does not make the shake, there is no doubt that we can put it as the first principle of metaphysics. As for ; the understanding, affirmation, denial, willing, or not, think, feel and so on.
Descartes insisted that On the idealist, which is obviously a misunderstanding. Descartes is not to say, all things are dependent on the think will find it difficult to distinguish between true and false in the case of knowledge, Descartes's Doubt may be the only feasible way out. because any arbitrary decision of the French are able to escape suspicion, we can do is to suspect exclusion of knowledge one by one, take a look at what is left. In other words, any positive knowledge are lost in this role, we can only rely on a negative way, but the end result is only one negative, that is negative itself. Therefore, the Cartesian method by suspected seek self-evident, unquestionable knowledge of the process, in fact, that is, exclude the contents of knowledge, and eventually found the main body of knowledge in the form of which is the process of understanding. When Descartes completed thinking I walk, confirm my existence. Indeed, we might try, there is no knowledge of a positive self-assurance can be no doubt of its own, it is obviously impossible. Let us think about what more than suspected good solution, enabling us to establish self-consciousness, apparently not. because of ego or self-consciousness only to distinguish with other things is possible, in other words, we can only difference with other thing to realize that I own. Thus, Descartes's ontological proposition, the only the power of cow tigers raised this proposition, it is a little fuss: We who do not know my own existence? However, the key is to know but that does not prove or claim in accordance with Descartes, nor is it intuitive proof of it to determine my existence, because if it is to prove that there is the premise, which is not the first principle. There is no doubt that Descartes simply a proposition to last forever, and it has great significance because it is reflective of modern philosophy laid, the main principles and basic characteristics of rationalism, marking the beginning of modern philosophy. Thus, Hegel praised Descartes: take the lead in rebuilding the foundation of philosophical heroes, philosophy in the rush for a thousand years later, now back to the basis of the above. 1978, p. 63] great contribution to philosophy of Descartes is that he suspected this by way of negative thoughts and ideas in the form of content (object) separately, thus establishing the independent status of the main body, and take it as the basis of all thought or knowledge. However, when he transformed into a reflection of the epistemology of ontology results, that ; the conversion. As Kant said, I think, as a thinking entity will be made a logical error, it is equivalent to determine the on the understanding of the subject can only be seen as a form of conditions, it is everything to me to judge the In other words, it must be judged to be a judge the as a basic condition for understanding, but can not know it philosophers have thought and exists in solving the identity problem has always been difficult to shake off the dilemma. Descartes is thinking through the content (object) and the form of thinking (the subject) to distinguish the way to establish the principle of subjectivity, which makes him unable to extricate themselves into a dualism. In his view, the mind and body are two mutually independent, unrelated entity. mind attribute is extension, is indivisible; objects can not be thought, is infinitely divisible. Descartes Although the established principle of subjectivity, but also caused a soul and body, the relationship between mind and body, the whole of modern philosophy has always been for this Recognizing the problem is plagued by deadly. because it is set up in the main body of the distinction between subject and object of its premise and, therefore, when the philosophers, which set out to prove the identity of thinking and being, when it was bound can not solve the problem. result, not only rationalism and empiricism can not cross this final barrier: Descartes had to ask the Lord to help coordinate limit, but also into the that the Cartesian subject is linked to the awakening, then, finally established the principle of subjectivity and completely clear the name of another great link, he is Immanuel. Kant. Compared with the Cartesian , Kant's philosophical questions facing more complex, they include science, freedom and metaphysical problems, which are mainly metaphysical issue that runs through all of his Philosophy.
the stage when the philosophy of Kant, when board , is in trouble when modern philosophy. Western philosophy from Greek philosophy began to take shape, a rationalist, it is, only through rational understanding of activities on the natural world form a universal necessity of knowledge, accessible to the fact that truth, this concept evolved into modern philosophy in a scientific spirit, and greatly promote the development of epistemology. Renshi Lun to solve things we know about how to produce what is, and thus the knowledge of the general form come from necessity, or truth, and its scope and so on. It should be said, as long as we pursue knowledge, such problems are inevitable. But for the ancient philosophers, these issues have not yet entered their field of vision . As people gradually in-depth understanding of the world, epistemological issues of concern to philosophers become more and more problems in modern philosophy there has finally become one of the main problems of philosophy. early modern philosophers to explain the scientific knowledge source of epistemological certainty and scope of the problem is divided into two major factions, and this is the experience of the UK and mainland rationalism.
experience of starting from experimental science, all knowledge claims are derived from perceptual experience and based on experience It attempts to generalize on the experience of the natural law of induction to. rationalism starting from theoretical science, sensory experience that is ultimately the individual, relative and accidental, and therefore generally not necessary as a solid foundation of scientific knowledge, so knowledge is by some rational deduction from the concept of inherent talent, and not so can not explain the universal necessity of knowledge. So the question of epistemology, the two factions split on one end of the philosopher, engaged in a fierce debate, and their one-sidedness is determined by who can not ultimately solve the problem, Hume's skepticism of modern philosophy is the best portrayal of the troubled. His skepticism not only the experience of the experience of attempting to obtain a general sum of knowledge of natural law ultimately shattered this ideal, but also make rationalism into a corner. Hume knowledge into two categories, one is about the relationship between the concept of knowledge, one is the knowledge about the external facts. On the relationship between the concept of knowledge has nothing to do with external things they meet the rules of their own contradictions to be universal and not inevitable. knowledge of the facts is different. As the knowledge of the facts must be established on the basis of sensory experience, so such knowledge can only be probable. Thus, the ideal of experience of course shattered, the same ideal of rationalism in trouble: the only rational theory inherent in trying to deduce a number of innate ideas all human knowledge, and Hume had proved the concept of rationality only to the inherent associated with the external things themselves nothing.
empiricism and rationalism of the dispute to the issue of philosophy in the theory of knowledge into a dead end, the consequences are very serious. Modern Philosophy and Enlightenment reason to advocate and promote the scientific and advance knowledge of their responsibility, however, between empiricism and rationalism debate while filling the danger of these ideals have come to nothing. It means that we not only can not prove that the universal necessity of scientific knowledge, but also as a rational basis of scientific knowledge itself occurred shaken. as the product of scientific knowledge is rational, whether it is the universal necessity of scientific knowledge can not be confirmed, or reason, could not confirm the universal necessity of scientific knowledge, the result is the same, it means that reason itself has become a problem.
course For modern philosophy, this is not the most serious problem. The more serious problem is that in the basic spirit of the Enlightenment took place within the conflict, and this is the conflict between reason and freedom.
modern philosophers as The main reason advocated is a scientific reason, which makes the philosophy of natural science formed under the influence of a mechanical determinism of Nature. in the booming encouragement of natural science under the science philosophers have tried to method is extended to all areas of human knowledge, they believe that both nature and society all human beings to obey their own rules in a unified, that is the natural law of causality, all things can thus be a reasonable description. Therefore, there is no man and the natural world What is the difference, as subject to the common law of nature, he is just a more sophisticated and more complex machines only. results, the two pillars of the Enlightenment - reason and freedom to place a sharp contradiction: when philosophers of science rational implementation of all areas of human knowledge, when not only free but also the value and dignity of their own into question. In this context, the French thinker Jean Jacques Rousseau in its own way reveals the inherent contradictions of this Enlightenment. When Rousseau tried to that the origin and basis of human inequality, he put the state of nature and social status against each other, that human beings had to live in carefree, natural state of freedom and equality, and when he entered the state of society will be lost when freedom and equality. This means that those who advocate the Enlightenment culture, science and progress, when Rousseau began a profound reflection of the Enlightenment.
for Kant, no matter the issue or the freedom of knowledge, in fact with another more important issue related to that metaphysical question. We have said in the first chapter, metaphysics is the core of classical philosophy department, which must be resolved are the basis of a unified universe, nature and based on issues, they have been seen as a solution to all philosophical basis and premise. As has been advertised metaphysical science, or that it is the highest ideal is to become a science and even is science, then the building of human knowledge based on the risk of losing face, and now it is facing philosophers such danger. in the metaphysical issue, philosophers have different opinions in the divergent philosophical debate, almost become a people of all against all concept, although this on the philosophical question, we can summarize his problems in a strict compliance with the laws of nature in the world, people have the freedom, there is no independent value and dignity. For Kant, these problems are related to knowledge problems, so he begins with knowledge of the problem to start to solve these problems.
issues in epistemology, Kant advocates must be derived from experience, it also endorsed the rationalism of the criticism of experience - experience of scientific knowledge, it only is not enough, they can only be innate universal necessity. But this way, we caught dilemma: if knowledge must be built on the basis of experience, knowledge, there can be no universal necessity; if there is widespread knowledge of necessity, it must be innate and can not be established on the basis of experience. Kant put in one sentence put out of this dilemma: how can we experience the first world object? [[Germany] Kant: (apriori) and This means that independent of experience and is a prerequisite for the experience, knowledge in terms of performance for the universal and inevitable, Kant also known as it must also have the experience and innate factors in these two areas, however, seem to acquired experience and innate factors that are incompatible.
So, how can we experience the first world object? If in accordance with the knowledge must be consistent The traditional concept of the object, we can never prove the universal necessity of scientific knowledge. because we not only external things and their properties can not explain how consciousness can be moved to, but can not prove that the basis must be built on the knowledge of how the experience has universal necessity. After a long deep thinking, Kant developed a strange idea: Since the year of Copernicus can the relationship between the earth and the sun reversed, imagine not the sun around the earth, but the earth revolves around the the sun, which made the and reversed the relationship between objects and look for the object to meet the knowledge that is inherent in the understanding of the main form of the result. In Kant's view, the problem which would have been perfect solution: on the one hand, our knowledge indeed must be built on the basis of experience, but on the other hand, the understanding of the main activities of the form itself also has a set of knowledge, as these forms of knowledge and the experience of the first experience of the conditions as exist in our minds, Thus the knowledge they have of the innate or universal necessity. In other words, knowledge and experience to provide material, while the principal was to provide knowledge of the processing order of these materials in the form of knowledge is experience in terms of its content, but its form and statement is innate. the universal necessity of scientific knowledge which proved to be.
which is to be known as the confined to the field of epistemology, it has a more important role.
Kant proved in its own way the universal necessity of scientific knowledge, highlighting the main in understanding the status, role and initiative, but at the same time produce a very serious negative consequences. because if it is not the object but the object of knowledge must be consistent with the understanding must be consistent with the main form, it means something for us to be divided into two aspects: one is through the understanding of the main forms of understanding of things, Kant called the thing on our Dingeansich) Natural Science requirements only in accordance with the natural features of the original understanding of the principles of nature have wavered, but, more seriously, the metaphysical attempts to transcend the limitations of the natural universe, to grasp the essence of unity of nature and laws of the ideal is bound to be impossible. This is said that natural science is possible, and metaphysics is not possible. From this perspective, the In Kant's view, this can limit the negative into a positive outcome, or that he is open to the limit by another of our rational ability. While recognizing the limitations embodied in the form of cognitive ability limited, but on the other hand it also shows that our knowledge is not recognized outside the field there is a limited form of freedom which can be seen as an infinite field. So, on the rational understanding of capacity constraints as the reason for the other kinds of capabilities that is practical ability to open up vast world of infinite, because the practical reason or German but said its based on a free. If something is not on our performance in two aspects, we can understand things universal and necessary to form their own scientific knowledge, it means that everything is under the constraint of the form in which knowledge can be no freedom there. But if things for us, is divided into two aspects, the result is completely different: the thing into the performance and Two aspects of the things themselves, man is the same. the one hand, as the natural existence of people subject to the universal and necessary laws of nature, in this area he is not free; while the other one is not subject to the laws of nature also has limited side. In other words, people with a dual nature, he is a necessary things and people lost their freedom. and when we limit the ability of rational understanding of the time, this will keep the place in the world for free. So, Kant think that we need to limit knowledge in order to leave the site of moral beliefs. [more See Kant's the other hand, cognitive ability is limited by opening the way for free. Thus, in the philosophy of Kant, the subject of the content has been expanded, the main subject is not only understanding, but also the will of the subject. Kant philosophy into practice, and claims the priority of practical reason, thereby Hegel, Marx eventually carried forward to form a new philosophy.
As mentioned above, Kant's great contribution in the history of philosophy is one of the main initiative of Praise . But the difference is, Kant, the principal activity of the carry forward is not only the epistemological sense, especially in the sense of ethics, and even can be said that his understanding of the main areas of activity truly reflected in the practice of not understanding domain. Reason There are two functions, namely, the theory of cognitive ability as a reason, and as the operational capacity of practical reason. Corresponding to this, there are two rational legislative power: the legislative and rational intellect is a natural for their own legislation. [usually people say, Kant argues must be distinguished intellectual and rational, because the different intellectual, the main activity, in fact, on the contrary, it reflects a person's limited. intellect is a natural legislation does not mean we can decide and control the natural law, because lawmakers and law-abiding here are separated: a priori knowledge in the form of legislation law-abiding is the experience of objects. Therefore, as we do not experience the object can not because of intellectual limitations intellectual law, which is a necessary field. and this is different from the field in practice, the rational for their own legislation, its own their compliance with legislation, lawmakers and law-abiding persons are unified, so it is self-discipline that is free. Therefore, the main activity is not truly reflect the cognitive capacity but the will. from Kant, practice has become much attention of area.
to Kant as a guide, the German philosopher who finally established on the basis of rationalism to an extreme the main activity, thus also indicates that the main fate of the 20th century.
Kant successors are not from the Germany's main initiative thought, but he thinks Kant's philosophy is not complete, because it assumes an unknown outside the one hand, the physical self, including also assumed a priori unknowable self. In Fichte seems philosophy is epistemology, which is things in themselves do not assume that knowledge of the case of the universal necessity. That is to say, Fichte that not only knowledge but also knowledge of the contents of the form from all the main itself. So, he will combine theoretical and practical reason to said,